So far, I'm leaning towards some type of epoxy solution for the narrow cracks, even though they are long and there will be some expense to that. I've contacted the folks at West System for their advice, and have ordered materials that will allow me to test in these low-ish temps.
I cleaned out the cracks with a vacuum cleaner and a very narrow drill bit, which is about 6" long. I probed the length of some parts of the crack, and I could put the entire length of the 6" drill bit in the crack without hitting anything. So this will be a very expensive epoxy repair unless you also use filler and change the consistency of the epoxy. I'm not so concerned about bonding the crack, only weight from above as I move heavy machinery. My first test would be to see if the epoxy/filler combination is thick enough to hold weight, but not fall into the gap, a consistency sort of like peanut butter. The filler will turn the epoxy an off-white, which I'm not crazy about, but could live with. You can use a dye to make it more "concrete-like", but with multiple small batches, I doubt you'd get color consistency between batches.
For the wider area that looks like it was in an earthquake (2nd photo from my original post), I removed most of the loose concrete, only to find that in fact there is a long piece of wood underneath (not sure how thick it is). The total thickness of the concrete is no more than 1/2", and thinner in some parts - you can see stones directly underneath the concrete in some of the photos I've attached. The concrete I removed didn't really match what's on either side of the wood, so I'm guessing is from an older attempt to fill that void.
@Tony Joyce - do you remember what kind of epoxy you used in your shop? I'd like to stay with clear epoxy, but would need a way to prevent it from flowing into the cracks, which look similar to yours.
Thanks again to all who responded - will report back here when I've gone further.
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