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Scott T Smith
07-15-2015, 6:58 PM
I have started a list of miscellaneous facts about drying lumber, and am posting it here to allow my fellow lumber driers to make suggested additions or corrections. Many of us have attended kiln operator classes or done extensive lumber drying related research over the years and the goal of this thread is to allow us to share our knowledge with our fellow SMC woodworkers in a summary fashion.

We can start a separate thread to advise about milling lumber.

Once we have finalized it, we can take the finished list and have a Mod turn it into a sticky.

Here is what I have so far. Please feel free to suggest changes or additions.

Some miscellaneous facts about drying lumber.


General Info

The rate that lumber dries is based upon it species, thickness, moisture content, and environmental factors (temp, RH%, and air flow rate).

For every inch that you increase the thickness of a board beyond one inch, the kiln drying rate decreases exponentially by 60% per inch.

The so called “one year per inch of thickness” rule is inaccurate except for certain slow drying species such as oak.

Species such as pine, poplar, and cedar dry very quickly. In the summer time in the south a 1” thick pine board will frequently air dry to 14%MC within 60 - 90 days. A poplar board will air dry in about 90 days. Species such as maple and walnut dry at an intermediate rate, ie a 1” walnut board air dried in the south in the summer time will dry in about 120 days, and species such as oak, mesquite, and hickory dry very slowly (ie 1” per year).

It is best to store lumber “in the tree” until you are ready to mill it. When lumber is stored “in the log”, it will degrade by attracting bugs and stain. Certain decay resistant species such as eastern red cedar, white oak and black walnut may be successfully stored in log form for 1 – 3 years, but the sapwood will decay and the heartwood may develop some stain. Soft species such as pine and poplar will start decaying quickly.

Lumber dries very poorly in “log” form. It is best to dry lumber as dimensional boards.

Rounds, or “cookies” as they are called in the industry, almost always crack severely during the drying process unless they are treated with a preservative such as Pentacryl.

Air Drying and Stickering Info

Green lumber can be successfully dried by a hobbyist as long as some basics are observed. To dry properly, a stack of lumber needs gentle airflow across it. Thus, the best location to air dry lumber is where it is under cover but with good access for air flow. Open sided carports or carport structures can be excellent places to dry lumber because they offer cover from the weather but good air flow through the stack. Totally green lumber does not dry well in an enclosed space where it does not have airflow, nor does it dry well out of doors if the stack is placed longitudinally near the side of a building or anything else that may impede air flow through the stack.

Wood is hygroscopic, which means that it will absorb and release moisture based upon the surrounding relative humidity and it is always trying to reach equilibrium with it's environment. In most parts of the US lumber dried and/or stored in a non-climate controlled environment such as outdoors or a non-climate controlled warehouse will air dry down to 12% - 16% moisture content (MC%). This is called “equilibrium moisture content” and is based upon temperature and relative humidity. Lumber destined for interior use should be dried between 6% - 10% MC, with 6% - 8% being ideal.

Stickers are small strips of wood that separate the boards while they are drying. Industry standard kiln drying stickers are 3/4" thick and 1-1/4" wide and are a dry hardwood material. Softwood such as pine, cedar, etc has also been successfully used for stickers. A good "store bought" sticker are "furring strips" or "1 x 2's". They are typically around 3/4" thick and 1-1/2" wide and come in 8' strips. Cut them in half to make 48" long stickers and you are good to go. A 1" thick sticker is a good choice for air drying. The width should be about 1/2" wider than the thickness so that they are not accidentally placed on edge (which is easy to do with a 3/4" x 1" sticker).

It is important to protect the top of the stack from rain and snow during the drying process. If left uncovered on top (or not placed under cover), rain/snow will cause excessive degrade on the boards - especially the top boards in the stack. Many air driers use old roofing tin or make a simple flat panel that they will place on top of the stack. Overhang the panel on all four sides of the stack at least 12", and 24" is better.

Do not tarp the sides of a stickered stack of green lumber while it is drying (unless it is on a very short term basis such as during a rain storm). Stickered lumber requires air flow in order to dry, and tarped lumber may develop severe surface mold. Using proper stickering techniques will make a significant difference in the quality of air dried lumber. Adding weight to the top of a stickered stack of green lumber will promote flatter boards. Ratchet straps can be successfully used to maintain pressure on a stack of stickered lumber. If you go this route, you will want to make "Spreader boards" that are a few inches wider than the stack for your ratchet straps to go over. They allow the pressure from the strap to be equally distributed across the entire width of the stack. Because lumber shrinks as it dries, you will want to tighten your ratchet straps about "one click" per week to maintain pressure as the stack dries.

Using green stickers (the spacers used to separate the layers of boards in a drying stack) can often lead to "sticker stain" which is a discoloration on the board where the sticker was located. It is important to use dry stickers to prevent sticker stain. With some hard to dry (without stain) species like maple, sticker stain and gray stain (an enzymatic oxidation reaction in the wood that occurs when the wood is exposed to air, high temp, and high humidity) is a big problem. So, it is key that there be good air exchange around the drying stack so that the evaporated water vapor from drying is removed from between the layers of the wood to lower the humidity. Here is a pic of gray stain blotch in maple used on a drawer side.

http://www.sawmillcreek.org/attachment.php?attachmentid=317461&d=1332895709&thumb=1 (http://www.sawmillcreek.org/attachment.php?attachmentid=317461&d=1437011993)

You do not want to try to air dry wood in an enclosed space where there is no air exchange. For example, a basement is a poor place for drying green lumber. The water vapor from the drying wood has to go somewhere, and you will be amazed by how much water will result from drying wood. All that water ends up in your basement. Not good.

The closer that you space the stickers, the flatter the resultant lumber will be. A lot of good lumber has been ruined because of poor stickering. Boards will take on the shape of the foundation of your sticker stack. If the foundation is not consistently level, your boards will not turn out flat. The stickers in a layer need to line up with each other as you build subsequent layers. There should also be good support in the foundation under each line of stickers. In the attached pic, note how the stickers line up with each other, layer, to layer, and also note that the stickers line up vertically over a support in the foundation. This is 4/4 red oak, and the air dried lumber will be nice and flat and make very nice finished boards once they come out of the kiln. This stack is under a drying shed open on all sides to promote good air exchange.

http://www.sawmillcreek.org/attachment.php?attachmentid=317460&d=1437011800&thumb=1 (http://www.sawmillcreek.org/attachment.php?attachmentid=317460&d=1437011800)


These stickers in the pic above are on 24" centers. 16" spacing is even better for assuring flat lumber.

End Sealers

Ideally lumber should be dried from the face of the boards, as opposed to the ends of the boards. Due to the cellular structure, lumber loses moisture much more quickly through the ends of the boards than the face of the boards; however rapid moisture loss from the ends of boards can result in unequal shrinkage rates between the end of the board and the portion of the board 1' or so from the end. This rapid shrinkage frequently results in "end checks" on the lumber and reduces the yield from your boards.

End sealers were developed to reduce the loss of moisture from the ends of the boards while not damaging post processing equipment such as jointers and planers. One of the most predominantly used end sealers is Anchor Seal Classic available from US Coatings or an authorized reseller. Bailey's also sells an excellent end sealer. Store your end sealer where it wont freeze. If this is not an option then purchase "winter formula" sealer which won't freeze.

Many hobbyists use other forms of end sealer, such as latex paint, parafin wax, roofing tar, etc. While these may be effective in reducing excessive moisture loss from the ends of the boards, it is best to trim the ends of the boards after drying before they are run though your equipment. Latex paint may cause accelerate dulling of planer and jointer knives, and the residue from roofing tar may be difficult to remove (and transfer to your other boards if not removed quickly from your equipment). Anchorseal does not need to be removed and thus you will usually yield more lumber and have less time spent in post processing.

If you don't use an end sealer, one of the best ways to minimize the growth of end checks is to sticker your boards within an inch or so of the ends of the stacks.


Kiln Dried versus Air Dried Lumber

Kiln dried lumber has two primary advantages over air dried lumber. These are that the kiln drying process will allow the operator to dry the lumber down to 6% - 8%, the ideal range for interior wood, and also that the kiln operator can heat sterilize the load at the end of the kiln cycle and kill any unwanted pests in the lumber. Kiln drying also allows the operator to safely dry the lumber more quickly than ambient environmental conditions would allow for air drying.

There are four different types of kiln drying processes. 1 – Conventional kilns which use high temperature steam to dry, 2 - Dehumidification (DH) kilns which use low temperature (90 – 120 degree) drying methods, 3 - vacuum kilns, and 4 - solar kilns. The only one of these four drying process that will change the color of black walnut is conventional kilns that use steam. Black walnut dried in solar, DH or vacuum kilns does not lose any color. Solar kilns will usually get hot enough to sterilize lumber in the summer time, but not in the winter.

Lumber shrinks as it dries; typically 5%- 6% in thickness for flat sawn lumber and up to 12% for quartersawn lumber. Width shrinking is opposite of face shrinkage; a flat sawn board will shrink 12% or so in width as it dries, and a quartersawn board will shrink 6%. For this reason a 1” flat sawn board is typically milled green at 1-1/16” – 1-1/8” to allow for shrinkage. Longitudinal shrinking is minor - typically around 1%.

Boards will distort during the drying process due to several factors, including stresses that preexisted in the tree, sapwood stress, poor stickering and knots. For this reason typically a board will require at least 1/8” of face jointing / planing per side in order to remove the rough sawn marks. Boards wider than 8” may require 3/16” – ¼” per side to clean up, and boards wider than 24” even more. A good rule to use when having lumber custom milled for you is to allow 10% for drying related shrinkage, and ¼” per 8” of board width for surfacing both sides. Boards milled within a few inches of the center of the log will cup more in the center than boards milled further away.

When brought into a climate controlled environment (50% RH and 75 degrees F), lumber that has been stored in a non-climate controlled environment will continue to dry as long as it is stickered and has good exposure to ambient air on the faces of the boards. Usually lumber will acclimate within a few weeks. Conversely, lumber that has a low MC% will gain moisture if stored in an environment with a higher RH%.

The average hobbyist can sterilize lumber at home by using a simple foam board built chamber and a space heater. There is an article in FWW magazine about this.

Air dried lumber may be susceptible to insect infestations such as termites and powder post beetles. The best method of prevention is to store kiln dried lumber in a controlled environment and away from air dried lumber. Heat is the best sterilization method for lumber. When this is not practical, boric acid based solutions such as Timbor (for green lumber) or Bora-care (for dry lumber) have been used successfully for treatment. Fumigation methods have also been reported to be successful. If you will be drying thick slabs for an extended number of years, it would be a wise investment to treat them green with Timbor or something similar.

Cody Colston
07-15-2015, 9:45 PM
Good info, Scott. I would change the "equalization moisture content" to "equilibrium moisture content."
That's all I can add or pick on right now.

Danny Hamsley
07-15-2015, 10:03 PM
Using green stickers (the spacers used to separate the layers of boards in a drying stack) can often lead to "sticker stain" which is a discoloration on the board where the sticker was located. It is important to use dry stickers to prevent sticker stain. With some hard to dry (without stain) species like maple, sticker stain and gray stain (an enzymatic oxidation reaction in the wood that occurs when the wood is exposed to air, high temp, and high humidity) is a big problem. So, it is key that there be good air exchange around the drying stack so that the evaporated water vapor from drying is removed from between the layers of the wood to lower the humidity. Here is a pic of gray stain blotch in maple used on a drawer side.

317461

You do not want to try to air dry wood in an enclosed space where there is no air exchange. For example, a basement is a poor place for drying green lumber. The water vapor from the drying wood has to go somewhere, and you will be amazed by how much water will result from drying wood. All that water ends up in your basement. Not good.

The closer that you space the stickers, the flatter the resultant lumber will be. A lot of good lumber has been ruined because of poor stickering. Boards will take on the shape of the foundation of your sticker stack. If the foundation is not consistently level, your boards will not turn out flat. The stickers in a layer need to line up with each other as you build subsequent layers. There should also be good support in the foundation under each line of stickers. In the attached pic, note how the stickers line up with each other, layer, to layer, and also note that the stickers line up vertically over a support in the foundation. This is 4/4 red oak, and the air dried lumber will be nice and flat and make very nice finished boards once they come out of the kiln. This stack is under a drying shed open on all sides to promote good air exchange.

317460


These stickers in the pic above are on 24" centers. Since this pic was made, I have gone to 16" spacing which is even better for assuring flat lumber.

ryan paulsen
07-16-2015, 7:11 AM
Great stuff so far. Maybe add some info as to drying defects, how they affect the wood, and what causes them?

Keep it up, I'll continue watching and learning.

Cody Colston
07-16-2015, 2:07 PM
That picture Danny posted is a great illustration of a properly constructed drying stack. Note that he placed a sticker on top of the 4" crossmembers at the bottom before placing the first layer of lumber. That sticker decreases the contact area between the lumber and the crossmembers, to prevent trapping moisture.

Note that stickers should be at least 3/4" thickness to allow sufficient air flow. 1 1/4" x 3/4" seems to be a popular size although all of mine are 3/4 x 3/4. Stacks should be no wider than 4' for the same reason.

Scott T Smith
07-21-2015, 6:09 AM
Great stuff so far. Maybe add some info as to drying defects, how they affect the wood, and what causes them?

Keep it up, I'll continue watching and learning.

Ryan, I've started assembling some information on drying related defects, but it will be a few days before I have enough info edited to include in the post.

Ben Pierce
01-14-2016, 9:00 PM
Great thread. A few days late as I've just stickered a huge load of new lumber, but I think I got it pretty much right! Thanks Scott.

Kevin Jenness
01-16-2016, 1:04 PM
A couple of things I have learned over time:

End sealing the log ends as soon as possible after felling keeps end checking to an absolute minimum. Once end checks start they don't go away, so cutting back checked ends before sealing may be worth the effort.

Anchor Seal can lift or peel off the end grain of pine or other highly resinous woods. Still pretty effective, but linseed oil/beeswax is more tenacious.

Spaces between board edges are necessary in air drying but not in a kiln with effective cross flow between the layers.

Monitoring drying progress in large chunks like burls can be done with a weight scale. When the weight stabilizes, the wood is in equilibrium with its environment.

A digital postal scale is handy for weighing kiln samples.

Scott T Smith
01-16-2016, 9:11 PM
A couple of things I have learned over time:

End sealing the log ends as soon as possible after felling keeps end checking to an absolute minimum. Once end checks start they don't go away, so cutting back checked ends before sealing may be worth the effort.

Anchor Seal can lift or peel off the end grain of pine or other highly resinous woods. Still pretty effective, but linseed oil/beeswax is more tenacious.

Spaces between board edges are necessary in air drying but not in a kiln with effective cross flow between the layers.

Monitoring drying progress in large chunks like burls can be done with a weight scale. When the weight stabilizes, the wood is in equilibrium with its environment.

A digital postal scale is handy for weighing kiln samples.

Good feedback Kevin - all good points and thanks for contributing.

Eric Ferguson
04-04-2017, 12:27 PM
Good feedback Kevin - all good points and thanks for contributing.

Great info, I would like if someone would share there expertise on air drying round cuts and what is best way to not get cracks half way thru it?

Homer Faucett
05-09-2017, 11:13 AM
There is a substantial USDA or US Forestry guide to drying lumber that used to be available on the Internet in PDF form, including comments on particular native species. I know I printed it off about 10 years ago. Does anyone have a link to it anymore? It was a great resource.

There is a much bigger document including color photos somewhere...but here are some decent resources that lead up to what I was discussing.

https://www.fpl.fs.fed.us/documnts/fplgtr/fplgtr117.pdf

https://naldc.nal.usda.gov/naldc/download.xhtml?id=CAT87208771&content=PDF

Scott T Smith
05-09-2017, 11:23 AM
There is a substantial USDA or US Forestry guide to drying lumber that used to be available on the Internet in PDF form, including comments on particular native species. I know I printed it off about 10 years ago. Does anyone have a link to it anymore? It was a great resource.

Homer, USDA has several different publications available that address air drying lumber, drying hardwood lumber, kiln drying hardwood lumber, drying softwood lumber, etc. IF you do a web search on USDA drying lumber it will bring up a list of what is available and applicable links.

Scott T Smith
05-09-2017, 11:24 AM
Great info, I would like if someone would share there expertise on air drying round cuts and what is best way to not get cracks half way thru it?


Eric, from what I've seen the species that dry with the least cracking are the ones that have the lowest rate of drying related shrinkage.

Homer Faucett
05-09-2017, 12:05 PM
Homer, USDA has several different publications available that address air drying lumber, drying hardwood lumber, kiln drying hardwood lumber, drying softwood lumber, etc. IF you do a web search on USDA drying lumber it will bring up a list of what is available and applicable links.

Agreed. But there used to be a 300+ page color PDF with plans for making a solar kiln, some dry kiln designs, air drying recommendations and photos, and chart for various hardwood drying. It's pretty much the penultimate of what this sticky was made for. No need to reinvent the wheel if your tax dollars already paid alot for it.

Scott T Smith
05-09-2017, 6:49 PM
Agreed. But there used to be a 300+ page color PDF with plans for making a solar kiln, some dry kiln designs, air drying recommendations and photos, and chart for various hardwood drying. It's pretty much the penultimate of what this sticky was made for. No need to reinvent the wheel if your tax dollars already paid alot for it.

Yup, it's still out there; however most folks don't want to sort through 300+ pages so this sticky serves as the "executive summary"! LOL

Jim Andrew
09-15-2018, 10:26 PM
About log sealer, no retailer in my area has any for sale, and looking at it online is expensive. Ran across a formula once for a wood preservative, had you take a quart of linseed oil, a piece of parafin wax melted, think it was a cup full, and remainder paint thinner, mixed up to make a gallon. Found if you just melted the parafin, and poured it into the thinner, it stayed liquid. So, does anyone make their own log end sealer this way?

Scott T Smith
09-19-2018, 1:27 PM
Jim, I haven’t but I know that there are a lot of homemade formulas out there. One nice thing about the commercial end sealer from UC Coatings or Bailey’s is that it evaporates off of the lumber during the kiln sterilization schedule. That is beneficial for commercial milling and drying concerns because the lumber does not have to be trimmed before planing.

You can order a 5 gallon pail from Bailey’s for around $80.00.

Robert Turner
04-26-2020, 10:16 PM
I tried a modified version of what my uncle did drying wood out of his woods. He used a large clear plastic tent with pallets on the ground. and stacked racked lumber up to about 8 feet tall.
He put a humidistat with an exhaust fan inside tent durning the summer. He closed the tent and left small holes at bottom. The sun heated air raised the temp and the fan removed moisture.

I created a 2 x 2 wood framed box on top of sawhorses, stacked the wood (550 board feet green about 1 week from saw mill) with slats inside the wood frame. Then I sealed up the frame with plastic leaving a humidifier on one end with a duct taped drain line out the bottom.
I started with the moisture setting of 65%(that's the highest setting), and left undisturbed for 3 weeks. At each 3 week time period I adjusted to a slightly lower level till the lowest set point.
I felt there was plenty of air flow as the dehumidifier fan circulated enough air that the plastic fluttered over box frame. The ash lumber felt like a feather compared to when I stacked it.
The dehumidifier seem to add heat to the box from running constantly.
This was my first attempt at drying lumber.

Jim Andrew
05-05-2020, 8:11 AM
I found a plan for the Virginia Tech Solar Kiln, by searching solar kiln virginia tech. Has measurements, just build away. Mine has the door hung, need to find the vent covers, Menards is OUT. Frame the openings for the vents, insulate put the plastic sheeting on the doors, and sheet the inside of the doors before painting. Handled some sackcrete bags Saturday, can hardly walk now. Guess it will be a while before I get this thing finished. The rest of the kiln is finished inside, was hoping to get the thing painted soon.

Robert Wachtell
05-29-2021, 1:29 PM
I have found for myself over the past several years that Titebond III is the best end grain sealer available anywhere. BY FAR. It works well outside as well and is durable even to UV and water exposure over a period of years.

It is no more expensive per gallon then the "End grain sealers" and works several times more effectively.

I have a theory that if applied to end grain it absorbs up the grain enough such that it will then dry as the end grain dries yet it will bond the grain together such that it will significantly reduce end checking. Even in large logs destined for the mill.

I have had plans to try to re brand it as a "formula specific end grain sealer" but have not had the time and have decided that I will never get to it.

Hopefully I won't drive the price of TB3 up because I would drink the stuff if that were allowed.

Scott T Smith
05-31-2021, 2:11 PM
I have found for myself over the past several years that Titebond III is the best end grain sealer available anywhere. BY FAR. It works well outside as well and is durable even to UV and water exposure over a period of years.

It is no more expensive per gallon then the "End grain sealers" and works several times more effectively.

I have a theory that if applied to end grain it absorbs up the grain enough such that it will then dry as the end grain dries yet it will bond the grain together such that it will significantly reduce end checking. Even in large logs destined for the mill.

I have had plans to try to re brand it as a "formula specific end grain sealer" but have not had the time and have decided that I will never get to it.

Hopefully I won't drive the price of TB3 up because I would drink the stuff if that were allowed.

TB is certainly a viable option for a hobbiest. One nice thing about Anchorseal in a commercial production environment is that the residue is evaporated during the kiln sterilization run.

Robert Wachtell
05-31-2021, 9:46 PM
TB is certainly a viable option for a hobbiest. One nice thing about Anchorseal in a commercial production environment is that the residue is evaporated during the kiln sterilization run.

soooo are you and or Anchorseal saying that a lot of the drying process in the kiln takes place through the end grain after the Anchorseal evaporates off the end grain????

Chuck Saunders
06-01-2021, 5:46 PM
I believe that the sterilization heat is done towards the end of the drying schedule when the wood is pretty close to it's final MC
Chuck

Scott T Smith
06-02-2021, 4:10 PM
soooo are you and or Anchorseal saying that a lot of the drying process in the kiln takes place through the end grain after the Anchorseal evaporates off the end grain????

Robert, if you understand anything about kiln drying you will know that the sterilization cycle is always performed at the end of a kiln run once targeted MC% has been achieved.

There is no drying that takes place after the sterilization cycle, because the kiln is then turned off and unloaded. Some operators run a conditioning cycle after the sterilization cycle, but in this instance RH% is increased and the shell of the lumber regains moisture - not loses it.

Since I referenced in my comment that the Anchorseal residue is evaporated during the sterilization run, clearly I'm not saying that "a lot of the drying process in the kiln takes place through the end grain after Anchorseal evaporates off of the end grain" as you referenced.

For a hobbyist, using wood glue, roofing tar, latex paint, etc typically requires that an inch or so of lumber must be trimmed off the end of every board before further processing. These losses are usually insignificant for a low volume user. However, for a commercial operation, this added requirement to end trim is an unnecessary cost and undesirable.

One of the many benefits of Anchorseal is that since it evaporates during the sterilization run there are no additional processing steps required before the wood can be face jointed and planed. The residue will not damage post-processing equipment.

Robert Wachtell
07-02-2021, 7:03 PM
Robert, if you understand anything about kiln drying you will know that the sterilization cycle is always performed at the end of a kiln run once targeted MC% has been achieved.

There is no drying that takes place after the sterilization cycle, because the kiln is then turned off and unloaded. Some operators run a conditioning cycle after the sterilization cycle, but in this instance RH% is increased and the shell of the lumber regains moisture - not loses it.

Since I referenced in my comment that the Anchorseal residue is evaporated during the sterilization run, clearly I'm not saying that "a lot of the drying process in the kiln takes place through the end grain after Anchorseal evaporates off of the end grain" as you referenced.

For a hobbyist, using wood glue, roofing tar, latex paint, etc typically requires that an inch or so of lumber must be trimmed off the end of every board before further processing. These losses are usually insignificant for a low volume user. However, for a commercial operation, this added requirement to end trim is an unnecessary cost and undesirable.

One of the many benefits of Anchorseal is that since it evaporates during the sterilization run there are no additional processing steps required before the wood can be face jointed and planed. The residue will not damage post-processing equipment.

I do understand that when I use Tite Bond 3 ( used at least 30 times ) as an end grain sealer VS Anchorseal ( used hundreds of times ), the amount of end grain checking seems to me to be SIGNIFICANTLY less in the logs that I have used the TB3 on.

That is all I know and it is my wish that readers take note of what little I know.

And of course it is also my wish that they take note of what a great deal you know.

Thanks for the heads up on keeping the TB3 off the S4S'ing blades. That sounds like a logical suggestion.

Tom M King
10-03-2023, 11:11 AM
There is some really good information about Stickers in this thread from the Forestry Forum that anyone stacking lumber to dry should read:

https://forestryforum.com/board/index.php?topic=123106.0